Write Between
the Linesis an exploration and articulation of the obvious and the obscure.
A cavalcade of creation and commentary designed to amuse and bemuse.
The
New Cool
The
New Cool: Challenging Narrative Rules in Go and Magnolia
by
KE Monahan Huntley
The
following article was originally written in response to
the 1999 brave new film world of experimental narratives
bold storytelling that sent out a call answered by
filmmakers such as great escapism artist Baz Lurhman (Moulin
Rouge) and innovative newcomer Christopher
Nolan (Memento).
"You know, you know, you know. Go, go, go."
Quiz Kid Donnie Smith
Magnolia
Created in the 1960's, Jay Ward's cartoon, Fractured
Fairy Tales, part of "the radiant land of
Bullwinkle"1
offered a satirical retelling of beloved fables. "Once
upon a time and they lived happily ever after" was
fractured with irreverent political and social commentary.
Smart and absurdly funny, Fractured
Fairy Tales assumed the kids were as well.
These children of television are now screenwriters on "the
edge."2
Steeped in popular culture and interactive media
armed with an all access techno pass they take
story subversion further by writing scripts that make a
break with classic Hollywood conventions. The familiar and
formulaic take a back movie theater seat to the fractured
narratives that are the current vogue.
"Well, there are never enough entertaining movies.
. . . But there's entertainment, and then there's engagement.
And ideally both can happen." Todd Solondz3
An entertaining movie assuredly holds a vital place for
its viewers a movie that entertains and engages,
however, is more apt to provide intellectual and emotional
fulfillment for the audience.
A narrative that entertains without engagement is a divertissement.
A narrative that engages is a specific type of work that
is conceptually complete and emotionally and logically comprehensive.
Qualities that substantiate an engaging narrative appear
in the structure (the fundamental relationships between
the parts of a story), dynamics (the moving, growing, or
changing parts of a story), and the manner in which the
narrative is relayed through character, plot, theme, and
genre.4
Two critically acclaimed works representative of the new
wave of filmmakers illustrate this distinction. Go
is screenwriter John August's "Ginseng and Dexatrim"5
fueled skim of L.A.'s surface. Magnolia
is screenwriter/director Paul Thomas Anderson's meditative
take on "the very far edge of the bleed where Hollywood
stops and the Valley begins."6
Go is
a narrative that entertains
Magnolia is a narrative that entertains
and engages its audience. Both can be categorized in the
L.A. in a day multi-story genre, ala Short
Cuts.
Both emphasize ensemble character development over plot.
Go
and Magnolia
contrast in the area of theme. Go
is a short-lived, albeit exhilarating, joyride. Characters
literally go from one day to the next-events transpire
without examination. Magnolia
offers thematic exploration of characters and events
because: "There's just too much in life to go straight
to the point of okay . . . . It's not that simple."7
Go
Go
is all about movement. Go on a road trip, go-go girls on
the Vegas strip. Take X for a head-trip. Without exposition,
it opens with Claire Montgomery chattering to an unseen
guest her conversation indicates it is a later
point in the story. At the same time, the dialogue works
as an allusion to the story's unusual narrative style:
CLAIRE
You know what I like best about
Christmas? The surprises. It's like, you get this box, and
you're sure you know what's in it. You shake it, you weigh
it, and you're totally convinced you have it pegged. No doubt
in your mind. But then you open it up, and it's something
completely different. Bing! Wow! Bang! Surprise! I mean, it's
like you and me here. I'm not saying this is anything it's
not. But c'mon. This time yesterday, who'dda thunk it?8
The screenplay
is presented as three episodes. Part one, originally intended
as a short,9
follows Ronna Martin-a teenaged grocery clerk facing eviction.
Picking up coworker Simon's (protagonist in part two) shift
to earn extra cash while he heads out for Las Vegas, Ronna
also moves in on his drug dealing territory to accelerate
the process. The LAPD is on to the X ring, and soap opera
actors Zack and Adam (protagonists in common for part three)
go undercover to bust Ronna in an effort to make their own
drug violation go away:
ZACK
Say . . . (checks nametag) Ronna.
You don't know where we could get something to go with this
orange juice, do you? . . . something . . . euphoric.
RONNA
. . . Gimme a number. Let me see
what I can do.10
With no regard for Simon, Ronna
takes the bait:
CLAIRE
You know that Simon's in Vegas.
RONNA
I don't need Simon. I'm going to Todd.
MANNIE
Todd GAINES?
CLAIRE
Who's Todd Gaines?
MANNIE
Simon's dealer. . . . But it's
like an evolutionary leap. You're moving up the drug food
chain. Without permission.
CLAIRE
Ronna, you shouldn't do this.
RONNA
Both
of you just chill the fuck out. It's just once. When Simon
gets back, we can still pay for quarters . . . . But this
is my deal, so just sit back and watch.11
The episode depicts
the economics and ethics of illicit drug trade-the look is
surreal, the soundtrack blares, and the audience experiences
the joy and anxieties of Ecstasy induced hallucinations.
Part one ends with a jolt. In the Mary XMAS Superfest parking
lot-setting for the latest rave a red Miata,
driving in reverse, rams right into Ronna.
The action also does a reverse, rewinding back to Simon asking
Ronna to take his shift.
Part two is a buddy story Simon and his boys'
night out in Las Vegas, courtesy of Todd Gaines' credit card.
Tantric sex, drugs, and rock n' roll. Blackjack, lap dances,
and a car chase ensue. Lady Luck runs out once Simon misbehaves
in the Crazy Horse. In the car, Simon's friends reiterate
the chain of events:
SINGH
Just so we're clear. You stole
a car, shot a bouncer, and had sex with two women?
TINY
You had sex with two women?12
Simon ignores them,
still checking his rearview mirror.
The boys are bounced back to Los Angeles. In pursuit are Victor
Sr. proprietor of the strip joint
and his son, Victor Jr. Egos bruised, they now possess Todd
Gaines' credit card and a bent for revenge.
Fade out. Fade in.
Once again the action rewinds back to the grocery store's
employee lounge. Simon is asking Ronna to take his shift
in the foreground Adam and Zack's television show is on. Ronna's
aborted drug deal is revisited from Adam and Zack's point
of view. The cuts are quick with the exception of Zack mouthing
a silent "Go"13
to Ronna-in slow motion. Ronna exits the Venice house
under police surveillance unscathed (for now)
and attention is turned to Adam and Zack's relationship.
Assigned to Detective Burke, the two actors are wary of "The
Man"14
particularly his intense and rather alarming
admiration of their physiques. August plays with Adam and
Zack's perceptions and the audience is complicit. Homophobics
are taken to task but before the comedy can become
a morality tale Amway and its acolytes are held
up as the comic objects of bias and fear.
Adam and Zack arrive on the Mary Xmas Superfest scene to confront
Jimmy the make-up artist with whom they each
have had an affair. And that is when they run into Ronna:
"Ronna SLAMS against the soft top. Rolls across the windshield.
Slides off the hood. Over the headlights. A smear of blood."15
The three episodes converge once Adam and Zack deliver Ronna
to the ER and go. Claire winds up at the local coffee shop
in search of Ronna and Mannie. Her who'dda thunk it? companion
obscured at Go's
starting point is revealed: Todd Gaines.
Claire and Todd go to the drug dealer's apartment. Victor
Sr. and Victor Jr. are Gaines' surprise guests
but no one is more taken aback than Simon, who charges in
looking to hide out. Recriminations, gunshots, and apologies
somewhat settle accounts and life goes on.
The last line of dialogue points up the characters' avoidance
of finding meaning in the traumatic events that have just
occurred:
MANNIE
So. What are we doing for New
Year's?16
References particular to Los Angeles conveys much of the humor
in Go.
Gadabout characters with the same Zip Code tie the fast and
loose plot together. Morality, intolerance, and disenfranchised
youth are potential thematic issues to sift through, but without
development, Go's
narrative remains a divertissement
a stylistically hip slice of SoCal
90's life.
Magnolia
Magnolia
is another screenplay written with heady narrative style
that focuses on twenty-four hours of a diverse collection
of Angelenos separated by fewer than the requisite six degrees.
Unlike the characters in Go,
however, Anderson's characters have a history that gives depth
to the morality issues they are compelled to face.
A prologue explicates three unrelated occurrences that are
not, the narrator declares adamantly: "Matters of Chance."17
Next, the principle characters are introduced. Damaged and
displaced, these saints, sinners, and saviors are each at
the center of a personal drama-unwittingly poised to pass
through destiny's door. The characters' stories intersect
throughout the sequence of events. A latticework so fine it
allows for complete immersion in Magnolia's
lush textures. The plot doesn't so much evolve as revolve
around the past, present, and future:
NARRATOR
There are stories of coincidence and chance and intersections
and strange things told and which is which and who only knows
. . . and we generally say, "Well if that was in a movie
I wouldn't believe it." Someone's so and so meets someone
else's so and so and so on. And it is in the humble opinion
of this narrator that these strange things happen all the
time . . . and so it goes and so it goes and the book says,
"We may be through with the past, but the past is not
through with us."18
The past "sins of the father laid upon the children"19
thematically connects the characters. Anderson
credits Aimee Mann for the inspiration to magically transform
nine stories into a cohesive whole: "This 'original'
screenplay could, for all intents and purposes, be called
an adaptation of Aimee Mann songs."20
Themes introduced and delved into in Magnolia make a day in
LA a universal, rather than local experience for the audience.
The following is a "speed round to determine who's who":21
Frank T.J. Mackey is the messiah of misogyny. A strutting
infomercial on how to "Seduce and Destroy"22
women. Hatred for his cancer-ridden father, Earl Partridge,
is corrosive. Earl betrayed wife Lily during their marriage.
During her losing battle with cancer, he left young Frank
to care for her an act Earl now regrets. Translucent
and tight-wired, Linda is Earl's second wife. As Earl lies
on his deathbed, she falls apart in the Partridge family attorney's
office confessing her own infidelities:
LINDA
I don't want him to die, I didn't love him when we met, and
I've done so many bad things to him that he doesn't know .
. . now . . . I love him. I love him so much . . .23
Phil Parma, Earl's nurse, is the angel of mercy who effects
the reconciliation between father and son. Attempting to locate
a line to Frank in the back pages of a porno magazine, Phil
telephones an operator standing by for Seduce and Destroy:
PHIL
. . . I know that maybe I sound ridiculous, like maybe this
is the scene of the movie where the guy is trying to get ahold
of the long-lost son, but this is that scene. Y'know? I think
they have those scenes in movies because they're true, because
they really happen.24
Earl owns Big Earl Partridge Productions producer
of the "What Do Kids Know?" quiz show, hosted live
from beautiful downtown Burbank by television icon Jimmy Gator.
Jimmy is also dying of cancer. He attempts to reconcile with
estranged daughter Claudia:
JIMMY
. . . I want so many things, Claudia. Maybe we can just talk
to straighten our things out. .
CLAUDIA
. . . Get out of here, get the fuck out of my house.25
In a later scene, Jimmy confesses his extramarital affairs
to wife Rose:
JIMMY
I've cheated on you . . .
ROSE
. . . I'm not mad. I am, but I'm not. Y'know? JIMMY
I love you so much. ROSE
. . . I'm not through asking my questions. Why doesn't Claudia
talk to you, Jimmy? JIMMY
Why. . . what do you mean? ROSE
I think that you know. . . . Did you ever touch her? JIMMY
I really don't know. . . . I don't know what I've done. ROSE
You deserve to die alone for what you've done. . . . You should
know better.26
The "What Do Kids Know?" latest show features child
prodigy Stanley Spector. His dad, Rick Spector, is the epitome
of a stage father pushing his ten-year old to
succeed. If Stanley continues on this path, he will grow up
to be 1968 Quiz Kid Donnie Smith. An adult in a state of arrested
emotional development:
DONNIE
I really do have love to give, I just don't know where to
put it.27
Ten-year old Dixon watches Stanley on "What Do Kids Know?"
What Dixon knows is who killed Porter Parker, a dead man discovered
in his grandmother Marcie's closet. Dixon's father is Worm,
a young black man under suspicion. The Dixon/Worm/Marcie/Porter
story is expanded upon in the screenplay but
cut down for the screen. What is hinted at in the film is
clarified in the shooting script:
MARCIE
I killed him [Porter]. I killed my husband. He hit my son
and he hit my grandson and I hit him. . . . I strangled my
husband to protect my boys.28
Although a life or death connection is made between Dixon
and Linda Partridge, the Dixon/Worm/Marcie/Porter characters'
primary function is the minor role they play in police Officer
Jim Kurring's story.
Kurring lacks the canniness necessary for a cop
but his sense of justice is pure. He responds to a disturbing
the peace call after Jimmy Gator has left Claudia's apartment.
Struck with her vulnerability, Jim overcomes his shyness and
takes a chance:
JIM KURRING
. . . I'd be a fool if I didn't do something I really want
to do which is to ask you on a date. CLAUDIA
. . . I thought you were flirting with me a little.29
Throughout the narrative Anderson builds tension with intense
visual images, culminating in the jubilant chaos of frogs
raining from heaven. When asked about the frogs in an interview,
Anderson replied: "You get to a point in your life, and
shit is happening, and everything's out of your control, and
suddenly, a rain of frogs just makes sense."30
Resolution, for good or ill arrives at dawn. Unencumbered
by the past, the children can now be saved: "From the
ranks of the freaks who suspect they could never love anyone."31
Relief in redemption and divinity in forgiveness are encountered
in Magnolia's "saddest happy ending."32
Anderson concludes his thematic argument in the voice of Jim
Kurring:
JIM
KURRING
Sometimes people need a little help. Sometimes people need
to be forgiven and sometimes they need to go to jail.33
"So Now
Then"
Rules that are arbitrary to begin with are meant to be fractured.
Go
and Magnolia
exemplify a new generation of screenwriters who possess
a keen ability to fearlessly rend traditional narrative and
remain true to their original voice.
Experimentation with story expression, however, does not necessitate
total abandonment of solid narrative foundation and the elements
of storytelling. A story that resonates requires substance
as well as high style. An underlying framework-spun with imaginative
storytelling symbols and daring expository presentation-can
make the difference between movies for audience observation
and those for audience absorption "and all that that
implies."34
1
David A. Kaplan, "A Moose for All Seasons," Newsweek,
March 18, 1991, p. 50.
2 Jeff Gordinier, "1999 The Year That Changed Movies,"
Entertainment Weekly, November 26, 1999, p. 42.
3 Solondz, Todd. "That Lovin' Feeling." With Scott
Macaulay. FILMMAKER 7 1998, pp. 37-39, 104-05.
4 Concept integral to the Dramatica narrative theory conceived
by Chris Huntley and Melanie Anne Phillips.
5 John August, GO (screenplay dated May 29, 1997), p. 113.
6 Paul Thomas Anderson, interview with Chuck Stephens, October
6, 1999, transcribed in Magnolia: the shooting script (New
York: Newmarket Press, 2000), p. 198.
7 Ibid., p. 208.
8 John August, Go (screenplay dated May 29, 1997), pp. 1-2.
9 John August, Craft Series Intensive-Writing, (lecture series),
Los Angeles Independent Film Festival, April 17, 1999.
10 John August, GO (screenplay dated May 29, 1997), pp. 10-11.
11 Ibid., pp. 11-12.
12 Ibid., p. 79.
13 Ibid., p. 91.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid., p. 105.
16 John August, Go (Transcribed from film).
17 Paul Thomas Anderson, Magnolia (Shooting Script dated November
10, 1998), p. 12.
18 Ibid., pp. 189-191.
19 Ibid., p. 107.
20 Paul Thomas Anderson, Introduction to Magnolia: the shooting
script, p. viii.
21 Paul Thomas Anderson, Magnolia (Shooting Script dated November
10, 1998), p. 129.
22 Ibid., p. 13.
23 Ibid., p. 114.
24 Ibid., p. 94.
25 Ibid., pp. 43-44.
26 Ibid., pp. 161, 168, 174-175.
27 Ibid., p. 192.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid., p. 126.
30 Paul Thomas Anderson, interview with Chuck Stephens, October
6, 1999, transcribed in Magnolia: the shooting script. p.
206.
31 Aimee Mann, "Save Me." Music from the motion
picture Magnolia. Reprise Records, 1999. New Line Productions,
Inc., 1999.
32 Paul Thomas Anderson, interview with Chuck Stephens, October
6, 1999, transcribed in Magnolia: the shooting script. p.
206.
33 Paul Thomas Anderson, Magnolia (shooting script dated November
10, 1998), p. 194.
34 Paul Thomas Anderson, Introduction to Magnolia: the shooting
script, p. ix.